Unit 4.
1. FUTURE FORMS
There are a number of different ways of referring to the future in English. It is important to remember that we are expressing more than simply the time of the action or event. Obviously, any 'future' tense will always refer to a time 'later than now', but it may also express our attitude to the future event.
All of the following ideas can be expressed using different tenses:
a. Simple prediction
b. Arrangements
c. Plans and intentions
d. Time-tabled events
e. Prediction based on present evidence
f. Willingness
g. An action in progress in the future
h. An action or event that is a matter of routine
i. Obligation
j. An action or event that will take place immediately or very soon
k. Projecting ourselves into the future and looking back at a completed action.
The example sentences below correspond to the ideas above:
a. There will be snow in many areas tomorrow.
b. I'm meeting Jim at the airport.
c. We're going to spend the summer abroad.
d. The plane takes off at 3 a.m.
e. I think it's going to rain!
f. We'll give you a lift to the cinema.
g. This time next week I'll be sun-bathing.
h. You'll be seeing John in the office tomorrow, won't you?
i. You are to travel directly to London.
j. The train is about to leave.
k. A month from now he will have finished all his exams.
It is clear from these examples that several tenses are used to express the future. The sections that follow show the form and function of each of these tenses.
2. Going to-future
Use:
A) Planned actions in the future
We are going to sing at the party.
B) You are certain that thing is going to happen in the future.
Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one.
Signal words
no unambiguous ones
Form
to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive
Examples:
Affirmative Sentences
I am going to play handball You are going to play handball
I'm going to play hand ball You're going to play handball
Affirmative Sentences
I am going to play handball You are going to play handball
I'm going to play hand ball You're going to play handball
Negative sentences:
I am not going to play handball.
I'm not going to play handball.
|
You are not going to play handball.
You're not going to play handball.
You aren't going to play handball.
|
Questions:
Am I going to play handball?
|
Are you going to play handball?
|
ATTENTION!!
Do not mix up with the Present Progressive!
Going To-Future
|
Present Progressive
|
He's going to read the book.
|
He's reading the book.
|
Excercises:
3. Present Progressive
Use
A) Actions happening at the moment of speaking
Peter is reading a book now.
B) Fixed plan in the near future
She is going to Basel on Saturday.
C) Temporary actions
His father is working in Rome this month.
D) Actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams.
E) Trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.
F) Repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew is always coming late.
Signal words
now, at the moment, Look! Listen!
Form
to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing
Examples:
Affirmative sentences:
I am playing football.
I'm playing football.
|
You are playing football.
You're playing football.
|
Negative sentences:
I am not playing football.
I'm not playing football.
|
You are not playing football.
You're not playing football.
You aren't playing football.
|
Questions:
Am I playing football?
|
Are you playing football?
|
4. The Simple Present Tense
There are only two basic forms for the simple present tense; one ends with -s and the other doesn't. Here are the rules, using the example verb "sing":
Subject
|
Verb Form
|
Example
|
I
|
simple form
|
I sing
|
You
|
simple form
|
You sing
|
He / She / It
|
simple form + S
|
He / She / It sings
|
We
|
simple form
|
We sing
|
They
|
simple form
|
They sing
|
In other words, only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) have to have a verb with -S.
-S or -ES?
With most verbs, the third person singular form is created simply by adding -S. However, with some verbs, you need to add -ES or change the ending a little. Here are the rules:
Verb ending in...
|
How to make the
3rd person singular
|
Example
|
s
|
Add -ES
|
He passes
|
z
|
Add -ES
|
She dozes
|
sh
|
Add -ES
|
She wishes
|
ch
|
Add -ES
|
He watches
|
consonant + y
|
Change Y to I, then add -ES
|
It flies
|
[anything else]
|
Add -S
|
He sings
|
Exercises:
5. Future tenses - contrasted
Future tenses
A) Use
Present Progressive
|
Going To-Future
|
Will-Future
|
Future Progressive
|
Simple Present
|
Planned action in the near future
|
Planned action in the future; logical consequence (This is going to happen)
|
Prediction, assumption;
spontaneous action
|
Action will definitely happen (it usually happens)
|
Future action is fixed (e.g. timetable)
|
There is often very little difference between the future tenses. It often depends where you live (in Britain or the USA) and when you use the sentence (in spoken or written communication).
In newspapers we often use the will-future, when the going to-future is used in oral communication.
NEWSPAPER:
The headmaster will close the old gym.
ORAL:
The headmaster is going to close the old gym.
We can substitute the going to-future with the Present Progressive when using an expression of time.
She is going to see Frank at the airport at 8.30.
She is seeing Frank at the airport at 8.30.
B) Signal words
There are no unambiguous signal words for the future tenses. That's why we must watch the actions carefully and then define the tense.
C) Form
Present Progressive
|
Going To-Future
|
Will-Future
|
Future Progressive
|
Simple Present
|
to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing
|
to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive
|
will + infinitive
|
will + be + infinitive + -ing
|
Infinitive 3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s
|
D) Examples
Present Progressive
|
Going To-Future
|
Will-Future
|
Future Progressive
|
Simple Present
|
Affirmative Sentences
| ||||
I am going to a party tonight.
|
We are going to fly to Leeds in summer.
|
He will carry this bag for you.
|
They will be playing football on Sunday afternoon
|
The train leaves at 6.45.
|
.
Present Progressive
|
Going To-Future
|
Will-Future
|
Future Progressive
|
Simple Present
|
Negative Sentences
| ||||
I am not going to a party tonight.
|
We are not going to fly to Leeds in summer.
|
He will not carry this bag for you.
|
They will not be playing football on Sunday afternoon.
|
The train does not leave at 6.45.
|
Present Progressive
|
Going To-Future
|
Will-Future
|
Future Progressive
|
Simple Present
|
Questions
| ||||
Am I going to a party tonight?
|
Are we going to fly to Leeds in summer?
|
Will he carry this bag for you?
|
Will they be playing football on Sunday afternoon.
|
Does the train leave at 6.45?
|
E) Spelling
Present Progressive
|
Going To-Future
|
Will-Future
|
Future Progressive
|
Simple Present
|
sitting (double consonant after short vowel)
|
nothing special
|
sitting (double consonant after short vowel)
|
watches (-es after sibilant)
| |
writing (leave out one -e at the end)
|
writing (leave out one -e at the end)
|
goes (-es after -o)
| ||
lying (change -ie
to -y)
|
lying (change -ie to -y)
|
hurries (-y to -ie after consonant)
| ||
Exercises:
6. THE FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it.
The structure of a first conditional sentence
A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
If you study hard,
|
you will pass the test.
|
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
MAIN CLAUSE
|
IF CLAUSE
|
You will pass the test
|
if you study hard.
|
We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:
IF CLAUSE
|
if + subject + simple present verb
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
subject + will + verb
|
USING THE FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future -- things which may happen:
EXAMPLE
|
EXPLANATION
|
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
|
Maybe it will be sunny -- that's possible.
|
Paula will be sad if Juan leaves.
|
Maybe Juan will leave -- that's possible.
|
If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes.
|
Maybe you will cook the supper -- that's possible.
|
Exercises:
7. THE SECOND CONDITIONAL
The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the second conditional is formed, and when to use it.
The structure of a second conditional sentence
Like a first conditional, a second conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
If I had a million dollars,
|
I would buy a big house.
|
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
MAIN CLAUSE
|
IF CLAUSE
|
I would buy a big house
|
if I had a million dollars.
|
We use different verb forms in each part of a second conditional:
IF CLAUSE
|
if + subject + simple past verb*
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
subject + would + verb
|
*Note that this "simple past" form is slightly different from usual in the case of the verb BE. Whatever the subject, the verb form is "were", not "was": If I were rich, I'd buy a big house.
Using the second conditional
The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future -- things which don't or won't happen:
EXAMPLE
|
EXPLANATION
|
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
|
I am not you -- this is unreal.
|
Paula would be sad if Jan left.
|
Jan will not leave -- that's not going to happen.
|
If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.
|
Dogs don't have wings -- that's impossible.
|
Exercises:
1st & 2nd Conditional: http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/condit1.htm
8. Present Perfect REVIEW & RECYCLE
FORM: [has/have + past participle]
Examples:
ü You have seen that movie many times.
ü Have you seen that movie many times?
ü You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
ü I have seen that movie twenty times.
ü I think I have met him once before.
ü There have been many earthquakes in California.
ü People have traveled to the Moon.
|
ü People have not traveled to Mars.
ü Have you read the book yet?
ü Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
ü A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
|
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
ü I have been to France.
THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES.
ü I have been to France three times.
YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
ü I have never been to France.
THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO FRANCE.
ü I think I have seen that movie before.
ü He has never traveled by train.
ü Joan has studied two foreign languages.
ü A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
ü You have grown since the last time I saw you.
ü The government has become more interested in arts education.
ü Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
ü My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
ü Man has walked on the Moon.
ü Our son has learned how to read.
ü Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
ü Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
ü James has not finished his homework yet.
ü Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
ü Bill has still not arrived.
ü The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
ü The army has attacked that city five times.
ü I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
ü We have had many major problems while working on this project.
ü She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
ü Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
ü I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
ü They have had three tests in the last week.
ü She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
ü My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
ü I went to Mexico last year.
I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE.
ü I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
ü I have had a cold for two weeks.
ü She has been in England for six months.
ü Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
ü You have only seen that movie one time.
ü Have you only seen that movie one time?
Exercises:
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple/exercises?07
No comments:
Post a Comment